Updated: 4/11/2003; 9:59:28 AM.
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Saturday, March 16, 2002
So, are civilisations at war?

Is this a war against terror, or the 'clash of civilisations' predicted in 1993 by Harvard political scientist Samuel Huntington? Interviewed here by Michael Steinberger of the New York Times, he answers critics who fear that his generalisations fuel conflict

"Were you surprised the terrorists were all educated, middle-class individuals?

No. The people involved in fundamentalist movements, Islamic or otherwise, are often people with advanced educations. Most of them do not become terrorists. But these are intelligent, ambitious young people who aspire to put their educations to use in a modern economy, and they become frustrated by the lack of opportunity. They are cross-pressured as well by the forces of globalisation and what they regard as Western imperialism and cultural domination. They are attracted to Western culture, but also repelled by it."

"So are you suggesting Islam promotes violence?

I don't think Islam is any more violent than any other religions . . . But the key factor is the demographic factor. Generally speaking, the people who go out and kill other people are males between the ages of 16 and 30."

"Should the US do more to promote democracy and human rights in the Middle East?

 . . . In the Islamic world there is a natural tendency to resist the influence of the West, which is understandable given the long history of conflict between Islam and Western civilisation. . . . paradoxical situation: many of the groups arguing against repression in those societies are fundamentalists and anti-American."

"Apart from our closest allies, no country has lined up more solidly behind the US than Russia. Is this when Russia turns decisively to the West?

Russia is turning to the West for pragmatic reasons. . . . they are very worried about the rise of China, and this will turn them to the West."

"The most frequent criticism levelled against you is that you portray entire civilisations as unified blocks.

That is totally false. . . . Even in the current crisis, [Muslims] are still divided. You have a billion people, with all these sub-cultures, the tribes. Islam is less unified than any other civilisation." ... [more]



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Americans are masters of destruction

Sunday March 10, 2002
The Observer

The US is driving the Muslim world to hatred, says newspaper editor Abdel Bari Atwan

"Although 11 September changed the Western world the effect on the Islamic world has been far greater. The gulf between the two is widening. Today many in the Islamic world are convinced that the US administration harbours real enmity for Islam and the Muslims. . . . as Arabs and Muslims we have been terrorised by the campaign launched in Afghanistan, the Philippines, Yemen and Georgia. . . . This campaign has given the mistaken impression that Muslims are the source of terrorism in the world, creating tensions and providing Islamic radical groups with the ammunition to recruit thousands of young Muslim men and women. Now the humane foundations of Western civilisation - tolerance, democracy, a fair and independent judiciary, equality before the law and respect for human rights - are being questioned by Muslims worldwide."

" . . . the source of the hatred expressed towards America across the Islamic world is Washington's imbalanced foreign policy. Successive US administrations have supported the two worst things in the Islamic world: the Israeli occupation of the Arab-occupied territories and the corrupt dictatorial regimes that have been imposed on the people. The US will not win its war against terrorism unless it changes the way it sees the world and renounces its arrogant policy of resorting solely to military solutions in order to confront this phenomenon. There must be a long-term policy to deal with the roots of terrorism in order to eliminate the causes of the world's hatred for America. "

"The Americans are experts in destruction but novices in reconstruction, reform and renovation. They must learn fast." ... [more]



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What's Behind the New Arab Momentum

"As expected, Vice President Dick Cheney's mission to the Middle East has been drawn into the Israeli-Palestinian conflict."

"These developments do not mean the Iraq focus is lost, only that any major American policy initiative in the region must pass through Israel and Palestine if it is to get anywhere else. Egypt, Saudi Arabia and other pro-American powers fear that the Palestinian predicament, televised every day, will rally the Islamist opposition and other alienated people within their societies — and will exacerbate their crises of authority, exposing their many flaws as well as their subservience to the United States."

"Genuine local concerns in these countries — problems of modernization, relations with the West, the appropriate social roles of religion, the balance between national and Arab identities — are often defined in relation to Palestine and Israel, as if the problems were really there and not in Cairo or Riyadh. This is without question a dysfunctional way of practicing politics. But it is real enough and cannot be ignored, certainly not if the American goal is to change an Arab regime in Baghdad." ... [more]

JAMES TARANTO in Opinion Journal
March 18, 2002 10:41 a.m. EST

"Whence these Arab dictators' sudden interest in "resolving" the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which they've been happy to have unresolved for decades? In Friday's New York Times . . . Fawaz Gerges of Sarah Lawrence College offered . . . [an] explanation . . . Gerges strains credulity when he asks us to believe that dictators of such ultrarepressive states as Saudi Arabia and Syria have suddenly developed a solicitude for public opinion. He shatters it when he claims that this solicitude leads them to seek peace. To whatever extent "public opinion" actually exists in these countries, it militates for war, not peace, with Israel."

"Gerges takes such a blinkered view because he totally ignores the most important change affecting the region: America's new resolve, since Sept. 11, to combat terrorism. There's good reason to think it's the Arabs, not Cheney, who are changing the subject. . . . For months the question has been whether Saudi Arabia would permit America to use its bases there to topple the terror-supporting regime in Baghdad. A year from now the question may be whether America will choose to use its bases in Iraq to topple the terror-supporting regime in Riyadh. No wonder Crown Prince Abdullah would rather talk about the Palestinians." ... [more (search for item date)]



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Can There Be a Decent Left?

" . . . it was suddenly clear, even to many opponents of the war, that the Taliban regime had been the biggest obstacle to any serious effort to address the looming humanitarian crisis, and it was the American war that removed the obstacle. It looked (almost) like a war of liberation, a humanitarian intervention. But the war was primarily neither of these things; it was a preventive war, designed to make it impossible to train terrorists in Afghanistan and to plan and organize attacks like that of September 11. And that war was never really accepted, in wide sections of the left, as either just or necessary. . . . The truth is that most leftists were not committed to having a coherent view about things like that; they were committed to opposing the war, and they were prepared to oppose it without regard to its causes or character and without any visible concern about preventing future terrorist attacks."

"The radical failure of the left’s response to the events of last fall raises a disturbing question: can there be a decent left in . . . the only superpower? . . . Certainly, all those emotions were plain to see in the left=s reaction to September 11, in the failure to register the horror of the attack or to acknowledge the human pain it caused, in the schadenfreude of so many of the first responses, the barely concealed  glee that the imperial state had finally gotten what it deserved."

"Is there any way of escaping the politics of guilt and resentment on the home ground of a superpower? We might begin to worry about this question by looking at oppositional politics in older imperial states. . . . For wasn’t France the birthplace of enlightenment, universal values, and human rights?"

"The cold war, imperial adventures in Central America, Vietnam above all, and then the experience of globalization under American leadership: all these, for good reasons and bad, produced a pervasive leftist view of the United States as global bully, rich, privileged, selfish, hedonistic, and corrupt beyond remedy.  The sense of a civilizing mission . . . never got off the ground here. Foreign aid, the Peace Corps, and nation-building never took on the dimensions of a 'mission'; they were mostly sidelines of U.S. foreign policy: underfunded, frequently in the shade of military operations. . . . And yet, the leftist critique . . . has been stupid, overwrought, grossly inaccurate. It is the product of  . . . 'the combination of embitterment and not thinking.' The left has lost its bearings. Why?"

" . . . four reasons:

1. Ideology: the lingering effects of the Marxist theory of imperialism and of the third worldist doctrines of the 1960s and 1970s. . . . the inability of leftists to recognize or acknowledge the power of religion in the modern world. Whenever writers on the left say that the root cause of terror is global inequality or human poverty, the assertion is in fact a denial that religious motives really count.  . . . it would be better to find a reason in the realities of terrorism itself, in the idea of a holy war against the infidels, which is not the same thing as a war against inferior races or alien nations. In fact, Islamic radicalism is not, as fascism is, a racist or ultra-nationalist doctrine. Something else is going on, which we need to understand. But ideologically primed leftists were likely to think that . . . [a]ny group that attacks the imperial power must be a representative of the oppressed, and its agenda must be the agenda of the left. It isn't necessary to listen to its spokesmen. What else can they want except...the redistribution of resources across the globe, the withdrawal of American soldiers from wherever they are, the closing down of aid programs for repressive governments, the end of the blockade of Iraq, and the establishment of a Palestinian state alongside Israel? . . . A holy war against infidels is not, even unintentionally, unconsciously, or “objectively,” a left politics. But how many leftists can even imagine a holy war against infidels?

2. Powerlessness and alienation: leftists have no power in the United States and most of us don't expect to exercise power, ever. Many left intellectuals live in America like internal aliens, refusing to identify with their fellow citizens, regarding any hint of patriotic feeling as politically incorrect. . . . They talked and wrote as if they could not imagine themselves responsible for the lives of their fellow-citizens. That was someone else’s business; the business of the left was...what? To oppose the authorities, whatever they did. . . . as if there was no need at all to balance security and freedom. Maybe the right balance will emerge spontaneously from the clash of rightwing authoritarianism and leftwing absolutism, but it would be better practice for the left to figure out the right balance for itself, on its own; the effort would suggest a responsible politics and a real desire to exercise power, some day. But what really marks the left, or a large part of it, is the bitterness that comes with abandoning any such desire. The alienation is radical.

3. The moral purism of blaming America first: many leftists seem to believe that this is like blaming oneself, taking responsibility for the crimes of the imperial state. In fact, when we blame America, we also lift ourselves above the blameworthy (other) Americans. The left sets itself apart. Whatever America is doing in the world isn’t our doing. . . . it doesn’t allow for the favorite posture of many American leftists: standing as a righteous minority, brave and determined, among the timid, the corrupt, and the wicked. A posture like that ensures at once the moral superiority of the left and its political failure.

4. The sense of not being entitled to criticize anyone else: how can we live here in America, the richest, most powerful, and most privileged country in the world, and say anything critical about people who are poorer and weaker than we are? . . . we all enlisted on the side of oppressed men and women and failed, again and again, to criticize the authoritarianism and brutality that often scars their politics. There is no deeper impulse in left politics than this enlistment; solidarity with people in trouble seems to me the most profound commitment that leftists make. . . . Even the oppressed have obligations, and surely the first among these is not to murder innocent people, not to make terrorism their politics. Leftists who cannot insist upon this point, even to people poorer and weaker than themselves, have abandoned both politics and morality for something else. They are radical only in their abjection."

"What ought to be done? I have a modest agenda: put decency first, and then we will see. So, let’s go back over my list of reasons for the current indecency.

Ideology. . . . For the moment we can make do with a little humility, an openness to heterodox ideas, a sharp eye for the real world , and a readiness to attend to moral as well as materialist arguments. . . . high among our interests are our values: secular enlightenment, human rights, and democratic government. Left politics starts with the defense of these three.

Alienation and powerlessness. . . . they don't necessarily get things right, and the angrier they are and the more they are locked into their combative posture, the more likely they are to get things wrong. . . . We can be as critical as we like, but these are people whose fate we share; we are responsible for their safety as they are for ours, and our politics has to reflect that mutual responsibility.

Blaming America first. . . . The United States is not omnipotent, and its leaders should not be taken as co-conspirators in every human disaster. . . . But shouldn’t an internationalist left demand a more egalitarian distribution of power? Well, yes, in principle; but any actual redistribution will have to be judged by the quality of the states that would be empowered by it.

Not blaming anyone else. The world . . . is too full of hatred, cruelty, and corruption for any left, even the American left, to suspend its judgement about what’s going on. . . . If we value democracy, we have to be prepared to defend it, at home, of course, but not only there." ... [more]



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