Taking depositions is easy, a wizened trial lawyer once told me, "just ask a lot of questions." In a loose sense, he's right. But if you've never taken or attended a deposition there are some things that seem obvious to a veteran lawyer, but which the novice lawyer doesn't necessarily appreciate. Even the process for getting a deposition started can trip up the young lawyer.
The Usual Stipulations
The first thing that comes up right around the time the witness is sworn in is the ceremonial discussion of whether the deposition will be governed by "the usual stipulations." Very few people really discuss what the "usual stipulations" are; sometimes you'll hear someone say that "all objections, except as to the form of the question are reserved until trial." But no one ever bothers to state for the record what constitutes an "objection as to the form." It's assumed that you know. Do you?
Form objections
If an alien from outer space were to come and observe a bunch of depositions and then try to figure out what a "form objection" is he would have to conclude that it's any question the attorney doesn't like. Or it's a question the attorney wants the deponent to be very careful in answering. In short, the "form objection" as it is used in everyday law practice is usually a verbal nudge in the deponent's rib cage.
In reality (and it's good to know what the real rule is sometimes), a form objection is one that challenges the manner in which the question is posed. Examples of proper form objections include: leading question (not applicable to a hostile witness), argumentative questions, compound questions (i.e. asking about two different things in one question), ambiguous questions, assuming facts not yet established (some say "not in evidence" but trials are where 'evidence' is introduced), speculative, improperly characterizing the witness' earlier testimony, and cumulative or repetitive questions. See also Trial Techniques (4th Ed.) by Thomas Mauet, at page 426 (listing the various types of objections).
Form objections do not include hearsay, or objections that go to the admissibility of the testimony or evidence. It's stupid to make objections (without some really good reason) to the admissibility of testimony; it gives your opponent a free peek into your strategy at trial.
The reason that 'the usual stipulations' require that objections to the form of the question to be made at the deposition (lest the objection be forfeited) is that it gives the questioner a chance to rephrase the question to cure the objection. Obviously, that rationale doesn't apply to admissibility objections because there is no cure for most of those; the judge is either going to admit the testimony or document or she isn't.
If your opponent makes a form objection that isn't really a proper form objection the best practice is to simply ignore it and instruct the witness that they are allowed to answer the question (assuming that they understand the question). If, however, the form objection seems proper, but you need clarification from your opponent, it is advisable to ask exactly what the basis for the form objection is. And when you make form objections you should make it your practice to state briefly what the objection is (unless, you are using it to simply 'nudge your own witness,' which of course you aren't really supposed to do).
Taking a deposition is easy, but taking a good deposition requires methodical preparation. First, figure out what your purposes are in taking the deposition (this is easy to do if you have trial experience and hard if you are inexperienced). Here are some things to consider:
Outline your deposition questions
Notice I said "outline" the questions. If you write out a series of questions you are going to be hampered in pursuing new topics that come up in the examination. If you have an outline you will be more flexible. So make an outline.
Start with a heading for "Background" where you will ask the witness some questions about his personal and educational background. If the witness is an expert witness, and especially if his or her qualifications are an issue, you will want to go into detail about the educational background. Of course, you should have a detailed resume, so you don't want to waste time just having the witness recite every step of his educational history.
Other topics for your deposition outline might include documents to be identified, authenticated, or explained (you should have a chronological stack of all the documents that the witness authored or received), as well as key factual issues. Consider writing out elements of the various claims that are at issue in the lawsuit and see if the witness's testimony bears on any of those elements.
Usually the deposition examination should proceed chronologically, that is, from a point early in time to more recent events. Proceeding in this way makes it easier for the witness to remember things, and cuts down on the number of objections where the opposing counsel asks you to "clarify the time frame of your question."
Sometimes you will want to deviate from a strict chronological progression. For example, you may know that you will have to ask pointed questions that the witness will resent, and you might want to save those questions for the very end. Once you start asking a witness about unpleasant things they tend to become less inclined to volunteer information. So sometimes starting with the least controversial stuff first makes the most sense.
Remember to bring a copy of the deposition subpoena, and any witness fees that you might be obligated to give to the witness. Also, bring a business card to give to the court reporter so that he or she can see how to spell your name, and so that they have contact information for you.
If all goes well, the witness will show up and everything will proceed smoothly. Usually, the court reporter will want a caption that describes the name of the case, the docket number and the name of the witness. The subpoena should have all of this information, and often you will want to make the subpoena Exhibit 1 of the deposition (hopefully, you brought exhibit stickers, but if not the court reporter should have them).
Swear the Witness & Get their Contact Information
If the court reporter hasn't sworn the witness, then you should ask them to do so. The swearing of the witness is more or less the official beginning of the deposition. Some lawyers then ask the witness to "give their full name and address for the record." If the court reporter got this information before the deposition began then you don't need to do it again, unless you feel you need to have the witness provide this information under oath.
What's a Deposition all about?
Many lawyers have a whole harangue where they explain to the witness what a deposition is, and how they should tell the attorney if they don't understand a question etc. Very few lawyers reflect on what this preamble is designed to accomplish.
Think impeachment at trial.
If the witness says something in the deposition that doesn't jibe with their testimony at trial you can use the deposition to impeach the witness. Assuming that the questions asked in the deposition and at the trial are sufficiently similar, you will succeed in impeaching the witness who changes their testimony.
Sometimes, though, when you confront a trial witness with their deposition testimony they will weasel out of it by saying that they didn't really understand the question. So you need to "seal off that exit" by making sure that the deponent knows what the ground rules are. The ground rules are: (1) they are under oath and have to give accurate answers to questions; (2) if they answer a question they will be assumed to understand it, so (3) if they don't fully understand a question they should say so.
Many attorneys spend so much time explaining how a deposition works, or do it in such a formal way, that the witness is taken aback, or made nervous. Your goal, for most deponents, is to put them at ease in the beginning of the deposition so that they give you information freely, without you having to browbeat them for every answer.
So you need a stock way of starting the deposition that isn't too formal or intimidating, but yet still accomplishes the objective of committing the deponent to his or her answers. Here is a good way of doing it:
This simple preamble accomplishes all of the objectives discussed previously, except it does so in plain, unassuming language that isn't likely to make the witness nervous. It can be easily modified, so that even if the witness says they have given a deposition you can say, "well then you know that it works like this..."
Starting to ask questions
Remember you are more likely to get the witness to give you useful information freely if you ask broad questions in a casual manner. If you start with broad questions, you can then zero in on things that you need to. Use follow up questions to tie down details. Remember it doesn't matter if your questions violate some evidence rule; your goal is to gather information (unless it's a perpetuation deposition).
Remember that you usually have two purposes in a deposition: (1) gathering information and getting the witnesses version of events; and (2) "sealing off the exits," or eliminating possible versions of the story that isn't in the witness's version now, but which might sneak in there later.
During the deposition you are "on the record" and that means that unless the court reporter transcribes information it might as well not exist. So be sure to speak slowly and methodically. You can ask the court reporter to "strike" a question that you realize doesn't make sense after you utter it. But it's best not to get into the habit of doing this too much.
Remember, also, that if you refer to a document you may need to make that document an exhibit to the deposition. You don't need to make every document a part of the record. If the document has a Bates number then you can use that to pin the document down. Again, simplicity is best. You should only make things part of the record if you need to.
If you need to go off the record for some reason don't hesitate to do so. Remember, the court reporters charge by the page and they are only too happy to let you, and your legal brethren, wax eloquent on the record. More blabbing means more money.
You should try to limit the deposition record to the witness's testimony and the important discussions between counsel. A lot of what gets discussed on the record among attorneys is pure crap. Don't be afraid to suggest that a discussion take place "off of the record." If your informal discussion with the other lawyers leads to some agreement that needs to be memorialized you can always go back on the record and state it concisely.
If you are asking pointed questions about a key issue that is in dispute don't let the opposing counsel suggest that you "go off the record" so she can confer with her client. Insist that pending questions be answered before taking a break.
Inexperienced lawyers often run into problems during a deposition. First, they tend to underestimate the time it will take to conduct the deposition. Even a simple deposition taken by an experienced lawyer will take at least an hour.
A second problem, and much more serious, is that the young lawyer will often not have a clear idea of what they are trying to accomplish in the deposition. It often helps to consider if you are: (1) trying to just gather information; (2) getting specific admissions of key facts; or (3) preserving testimony for later use at trial.
Third, lawyers sometimes use an inadequate method of questioning the witness. How you ask questions depends on what you are trying to accomplish. If you are trying to simply find out things then asking informal, open-ended questions is best. If you are trying to pin the witness down then use leading questions. And if you are trying to preserve testimony then use the exact method that you would use in trial, which is likely a methodical approach that takes into account evidentiary issues.
Fourth, many young lawyers frequently get confused about how to handle documents. As discussed before, if you have documents that the witness prepared or received you should have those documents assembled in chronological order. For the documents that you expect to go over with the witness you should have several sets available at the deposition: one set for you, one set for the witness, and one set for each of the lawyers that will be attending the deposition. If you make a document an exhibit you should immediately mark your copy (which you will be giving to the court reporter), and you should keep a running tab of the exhibit numbers that you have used so that when you introduce the next document you don't get confused.
Fifth, there is the tendency to get bogged down in minutiae, especially when covering background information. Remember your purpose: what information do you absolutely have to get out of this witness? If the witness says something interesting, but which isn't helpful, go on to a more productive topic. It's easy to waste time in depositions. It's a tendency you have to fight constantly, even as you grow more experienced.
Defending depositions is easier than taking them, but that doesn't mean it is so simple that you don't have to prepare. First, if there are documents in the case, gather all of the documents that your deponent wrote or received and assemble them in chronological order. Have the witness come in the day before the deposition if possible, or at least a couple of hours early, and put the witness in a room and ask them to go through the documents. Let them do it alone.
After they have reviewed the documents or other materials that will help them orient their memory you can sit down and ask questions about key documents to help focus their attention.
A question that often comes up is the issue of how you prepare the deponent without suggesting what their testimony should be. Obviously, you aren't going to be telling the witness what to say. It is unethical, and unlikely to help you (and probably very likely to backfire). But what you can, and should do, is to explain to the witness what the case is about and how their testimony fits into the case. If you have identified the key themes that support your case (and odds are you have, or should have, done so) then you can weave those themes into your explanation of the case. Most witnesses have no trouble understanding your theme. If you find witnesses having trouble grasping your themes then you are probably not using simple themes.
After you have reviewed the key facts of the case and oriented the witness you need to let them know how to conduct themselves in a deposition. If they haven't given a deposition before (or even if they have), they need some simple guidelines that they can remember easily. If you give them ten things to remember then the odds are that they won't remember anything. It's best to give them just one or two things to mull over.
First, tell them that they are simply being asked to give a truthful account of what happened so if they just say what they know they'll be fine. Then tell them that the only problem is that sometimes people think that they know more than they do and wind up speculating and assuming things that they don't really know. Tell the witness to listen carefully to the question and only ask the question that is being asked. Don't assume things, and be quick to answer questions that have built-in assumptions. The witness should remain calm and not get upset, even if the attorney starts asking questions in a pointed manner.
Lastly, tell them that short answers are best. If the question calls for a yes or no, answer with a yes or no. If you need to explain you can, but keep your answers as short as you can.
Short, truthful answers. That's the key. And that's something they can remember.
Usually.
Reader #1
"I think your deposition tips are very good, and should be required reading for all lawyers who are preparing to take or defend a deposition. They should also read FRCivP Rule 30, which gives you the basic rules on deposition etiquette. I have long thought that the subject of depositions (taking, defending and use) might be the subject of an all day seminar that the FBA or other local bar group might sponsor."
Reader #2
"Good stuff. I would only add, under common problems, two things: 1) how to handle the "I don't know" witness (in response to a series of 'I don't knows,' or 'I don't remember') ask 'is there any document in the world I could show you that might refresh your recollection' or 'is there any document that contains that information.' 2) after coming to the end of a major topic that a witness has just related concerning a particular transaction or conversation, finish with 'Have you now told me everything you can recall regarding that conversation?'"
Reader #3
"Although it seems like you've already done so, check back issues of the ABA Journal for McElheney's articles on the topic.
One thing that you might add, regarding goals of the deposition: the REAL goal of the deposition is to move your case to a favorable settlement or verdict. To that end, it's important both to make an evaluation of the witness and to make an impression on the witness that favors settlement. (I am not advocating being obnoxious, however.) Also, you might be trying to find out what the witness DOES NOT know and cannot possibly testify to later."
Reader #4
"One suggestion: include some information about how the permissible grounds for instructing witnesses not to answer. Apparently the mid-90's revision to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure tightened these up. Now instructing a witness not to answer for any reason except privilege is the basis for a sanctions motion. I had a depostion last August and made this mistake. My courtroom experience has been nearly all criminal litigation; depositions were very rare.
Also, if you have one, you might provide a handout used to prepare witnesses for depositions."
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