It is going to be important to understand the place of culture in the unfolding of the US response to its difficulties and opportunities.
From Infidels: the conflict between Christendom and Islam - 638-2002. By Andrew Wheatcroft
The battle at Lepanto (great sea battle,1571) would mark a defining moment in the struggle between Christendom and Islam: on the Christian side, war was fast becoming secularized. Where once the pope had decreed (ineffectually) that the crossbow was not to be used in conflicts between Christians, now no barriers were placed on any engine of war, however frightful.M The galleass (bulky ships carrying cannon) was remarkable not tor its technology, but for the ease with which it was created, adopted and immediately used in battle. In the Muslim ranks, by contrast, every innovation could become a matter for argument and even resistance. Honourable war was still fought with the weapons known to the Qur'an - swords, spears, lances, bows and arrows. The good Muslim soldier was the man who leaped into the breach or on to the deck of an enemy vessel without armour and only the strength of his arms to protect him. Guns and artillery were necessary, but carried no mark of courage. Perhaps for this reason few of the developments and innovations in gun technology emerged in the Islamic world.34 Implicit if unstated was the general belief that it was better to fight in might talk about traditions, caste and honour, but quietly discarded them in practice - occasions sucn as wnen otticers courteously invited their enemy to tire tirst became legendary precisely because they were so rare.35 In contrast, the armies of'Islam' might adopt new weapons but were increasingly hobbled by their ancient ethic.